Roughly 252 million years ago, life on Earth came breathtakingly close to being erased entirely. The Permian-Triassic extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, wiped out an estimated 57% of biological families, 62% of genera, nearly all marine species, and about seven out of every ten terrestrial vertebrate species. No other known crisis in ...
Every person alive today carries within their DNA a kind of silent travelogue. It records crossings over ancient land bridges, shelters found along coastlines that have since sunk beneath rising seas, and encounters with other human species that happened tens of thousands of years before anyone thought to write anything down. The story of how ...
For most of the twentieth century, the popular image of a dinosaur was pretty simple: a scaly, dim-witted giant dragging its tail through a swamp. It was never a very flattering picture, and it turns out it was almost entirely wrong. Decades of new fossil discoveries, sophisticated imaging tools, and increasingly creative research methods have ...
There is something profoundly strange about standing in front of a cave wall painted by a human who lived tens of thousands of years before writing, agriculture, or cities. The image of a bison or a hand stencil stares back at you from the rock, and for a moment, the distance between you and that ...
Few creatures in Earth’s long history have captured the imagination quite like the megalodon. It ruled the prehistoric seas with absolute dominance for nearly twenty million years, dwarfing everything around it, and yet almost everything you think you know about it is being rewritten right now by science. What makes this ancient predator so compelling ...
There’s a strange comfort in thinking the world has always been roughly the size it is now. The deer in the park, the bear in the mountains, the shark out beyond the breakers. But go back even a geological heartbeat and you’d encounter a version of Earth populated by creatures so massive they’d make modern ...
There’s something quietly extraordinary about the fact that the oldest physical evidence of life on Earth fits on the tip of a pin. Long before forests, fish, or even the first worm, microorganisms were already colonizing every wet surface they could find, leaving behind traces so small and fragile that we almost missed them entirely. ...
There are creatures from prehistory that stretch the limits of what you’d expect biology to permit. The Quetzalcoatlus is one of them. Standing as tall as a giraffe and spreading wings wider than a city bus, it was not a dinosaur in the strict sense, but a pterosaur – a flying reptile that shared its ...
Every land animal you’ve ever seen, from a garden lizard to a galloping horse, owes its existence to a group of ancient fish that lived through one of the most extraordinary biological experiments in Earth’s history. Roughly four hundred million years ago, during a period scientists call the Devonian, certain fish began edging into shallower ...
For a long time, the default image of early life on Earth was something almost monotonously simple: a thin bacterial soup quietly drifting through lifeless oceans, with billions of years still to go before anything interesting would show up. That picture is changing fast. What researchers are finding instead is a microbial world of surprising ...
